The ultimate guide to tractors: usage, safety and best practices

Tractors are indispensable machines in modern agriculture and other various industries due to their versatility and efficiency. However, their widespread use comes with a need to ensure safe operation through vigilance and a comprehensive understanding of the potential hazards.

This ultimate guide explores everything you need to know about tractors, from their components and popular brands in Australia, through to potential hazards and measures to reduce the risks. Whether you’re a seasoned farmer or a new enthusiast, this comprehensive guide will help you understand the complexities of tractors and how you can help ensure safe operation.

In this article:

What is a tractor?

Tractor components

Industries tractors are used in

Types of tractors

Sizes and classifications of tractors

Attachments for tractors

Popular makes of tractors in Australia

Potential hazards and safety issues relating to tractors

Tractor safety incidents

Tractor risk assessments

Helping ensure tractor compliance

What is a tractor?

A tractor is a powerful piece of equipment designed primarily for agricultural work such as harvesting, ploughing and tilling. Tractors are engineered to deliver high torque at low speeds, making them ideal for heavy-duty tasks. They can also be quite versatile when used with attachments in industries such as construction, forestry and landscaping.

Tractor components

Tractors are complex machines comprising of various components. The key components include:

• Engine: provides torque to propel the tractor

• Transmission: controls the speed and direction of the tractor

• Hydraulic system: operates attachments

• Power take-off (PTO): transfers power to attachments

• Three-point hitch: a common attachment system

• Cabin: the operator’s area, equipped with controls and safety features

• Wheels and tyres: provide traction and stability

• Lighting and signals: aid visibility and communication

Industries tractors are used in

Tractors are primarily used in agriculture but may also be utilised in other industries including:

• Construction: for moving materials, grading and site preparation

• Forestry: for logging, hauling and site clearing

• Landscaping: for mowing, digging and earthmoving

• Industrial: for material handling and logistics

Types of tractors

There are various types of tractors available on the market, all of which are designed for specific tasks. Some of the most common types of tractors include:

• Utility tractors: used for farm work and favoured for versatility
• Row crop tractors: designed for precision work in planting and cultivating row crops
• Orchard tractors: have a narrow design for working in orchards and vineyards
• Industrial tractors: designed for heavy-duty construction and industrial work
• Compact tractors: smaller and versatile, ideal for small farms and landscaping
• Garden tractors: very small by design; for use in lawn and garden maintenance
  
  

Sizes and classifications of tractors

Tractors are classified based on size and horsepower which determines their capabilities. The main classifications include:

• Sub-compact tractors: less than 30 HP and suitable for small properties

• Compact tractors: between 30 and 60 HP and suitable for tasks that require versatility

• Utility tractors: between 60 and 140 HP and commonly used on medium to large farms

• Row crop tractors: between 140 and 300 HP and specialised for row crop farming

• High-horsepower tractors: over 300 HP and used for large-scale farming and industrial applications

Attachments for tractors

Tractors can be equipped with various attachments to enable them to be used for various applications. Some of the common attachments include:

• Front-end loader: for lifting and moving materials
• Backhoe: for digging and trenching
• Mower deck: for cutting grass
• Plough: for tilling soil
• Harrows: for soil preparation
• Baler: for bailing hay
• Seeders and planters: for planting crops
• Sprayers: for applying pesticides and fertilisers
  
  

Popular makes of tractors in Australia

Australia has a robust market for tractors due to its large agricultural industries. There are several popular makes of tractors in Australia including:

• John Deere: renowned for durability and advanced technology 

• Case IH: known for its powerful engines and innovative designs 

• New Holland: has a wide range of tractors which can be used for various tasks 

• Massey Ferguson: a trusted brand in agriculture due to its long history 

• Kubota: popular for compact and sub-compact tractors 

• CLAAS: specialises in high performance tractors for large-scale farming 

Potential hazards and safety issues relating to tractors

While tractors are an essential piece of equipment, particularly in agricultural settings, they can pose a risk to operators and bystanders. Understanding these hazards is crucial for ensuring the safe use of tractors in their various applications.

Rollovers

Rollovers can occur when the tractor becomes unstable on uneven ground, steep inclines or carrying an unbalanced load. The risk increases when operating on wet or loose soil. Rollovers can also happen if operators make sharp turns at high speeds. The lack of a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) and seatbelts can result in severe injuries or fatalities, as operators can be thrown from the tractor.

Entanglement

Tractors have numerous moving parts, such as PTO shafts, which can cause severe injuries if an operator or bystander becomes entangled. Loose clothing, jewellery or long hair can easily get caught in these components, causing lacerations, amputations or even death. Operators should always shut down the tractor and disengage the PTO before leaving the operator’s cabin or performing maintenance.

Runovers

Runover incidents can happen if the operator falls from the tractor or if someone walks or stands too close to the moving machine. These incidents often occur during entry or exit to the operator’s cabin or if the operator slips and loses balance. They can also happen if a tractor is accidentally left in gear or starts unexpectedly.

Mechanical failures

Mechanical failures, such as brake or steering malfunction, can lead to loss of control of the tractor. Regular maintenance is essential to keep these systems in good working order. Failure of hydraulic systems, electrical systems or attachments can also pose significant risks, especially when lifting heavy loads.

Fatigue and stress

Tractor operators often work long hours, especially during peak farming seasons. Fatigue can lead to slower reaction times, poor judgement and decreased awareness which can significantly increase the risk of incidents occurring.

Visibility issues

Poor visibility, especially in bad weather or low light conditions, can lead to collisions with other vehicles, objects or people. Tractors often lack the extensive lighting systems making them less visible to others.

Chemical exposure

Operators may be exposed to hazardous chemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers, especially when using sprayer attachments. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety procedures are essential to prevent inhalation, skin contact or ingestion of these substances.

Tractor safety incidents

Safety incidents involving tractors are tragically common, particularly in the agriculture sector, and can result in severe injuries and fatalities. We’ve listed some of the most common incidents involving tractors below.

Rollovers

Like many machines, tractors can be prone to rollovers when they are operated on unstable surfaces. While ROPS may prevent crushing injuries from occurring if a tractor were to roll, it’s vital to ensure tractors are only operated on surfaces where adequate traction can be achieved. This includes areas that aren’t too steep or covered in debris.

Entanglements

Entanglements in tractor components are avoidable incidents that sadly happen all too often. This incident we reported on saw a man killed when he was entangled in a plastic mulch retriever, while our brand ambassador and paralympic gold medallist, Scott Reardon lost his leg after becoming entangled in a PTO. These incidents highlight just how quickly entanglement can occur and why the utmost vigilance is required while operating machines such as tractors.

Runovers

Runovers can occur due to a lack of visibility from a tractor or uncontrolled movement. In this incident we reported on, the tractor was left idling when it suddenly reversed and struck the worker, leaving them with fatal injuries. Maintaining control of the tractor at all times and ensuring clear visibility can help to reduce the likelihood of such incidents.

Mechanical failures

Like any machine, tractors can be susceptible to mechanical failure. The failure of components such as brakes can cause uncontrolled movement in tractors and potentially result in a person or object being struck, leading to serious injuries to the operator or bystanders. Regular inspection and maintenance of critical systems like brakes may prevent a mechanical failure incident from occurring.

Tractor risk assessments

Conducting regular risk assessments on a tractor is crucial for identifying and mitigating potential hazards. A comprehensive tractor risk assessment should include the following components.

Identifying hazards

Start by examining the tractor’s work environment, the type of work being performed and the equipment used. Consider all possible hazards, including physical, chemical and ergonomic risks. For tractors, this includes assessing terrain conditions, weather, the presence of bystanders and the specific tasks being performed such as towing or lifting.

Evaluating risks

Assess the likelihood of each hazard occurring and the potential severity of the consequences. For example, the likelihood of a rollover increases on steep slopes, while the consequence can range from minor injuries to fatalities depending on factors like the presence of ROPS and seatbelt usage. To evaluate a risk accurately, it’s best to use a risk matrix. For more information, see our article How to reach a risk matrix used in risk analysis.

Implementing controls

The next step in the process is implementing control measures to minimise or eliminate the risks. Controls should be selected using the hierarchy of control and can include engineering solutions including installing ROPS, administrative controls such as training and procedures and wearing PPE. For more information on the hierarchy of control, read our article, Hierarchy of control explained.

Monitoring and updating

Risk assessments should be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changes in equipment, work processes or regulations, while the controls implemented to reduce the risks of hazards need to be continually monitored for ongoing effectiveness. Continuous monitoring and reassessment of the tractor can help to ensure that new hazards are promptly identified and addressed.

Helping ensure tractor compliance

Ensuring a tractor is compliant with safety legislation, regulations, standards and codes of practice is essential for meeting legal obligations and maintaining safety. There are a few easy measures that can be taken to help ensure your tractor remains compliant.

Regular inspections

Performing regular inspections of all tractor components is essential for identifying potential issues before they lead to incidents. Inspections should cover all components of the tractor, including but not limited to the engine, transmission, hydraulic systems, PTO, brakes, lighting and tyres. Any defects or wear should be addressed immediately.

Training and certification

Operators should receive comprehensive training in safe tractor operation, including understanding the equipment's capabilities and limitations, proper use of attachments and emergency procedures. Consider implementing certification programs to help ensure that operators meet a minimum competency level.

Use of ROPS and seatbelts

Equipping tractors with ROPS and ensuring operators use seatbelts can prevent fatalities or serious injuries in the event of a rollover. ROPS should meet industry standards and seatbelts should be regularly checked for wear and proper functioning.

Proper maintenance

Following the original equipment manufacturer's (OEM’s) maintenance schedule is crucial for keeping tractors in good working condition. Regular servicing helps prevent mechanical failures and prolongs the life of the equipment, while maintenance records should be kept as part of compliance documentation.

Adherence to regulations

Tractor operators and owners must stay informed about local and national safety regulations. These regulations may cover aspects such as noise levels, lighting requirements and the use of specific attachments. Compliance with regulations not only ensures safety but also avoids legal and financial liabilities.

Safety protocols and procedures

Developing and implementing safety protocols and procedures helps standardise safe practices among your tractor operators. This includes guidelines for entering and exiting the tractor’s cabin, operating on slopes, handling attachments and emergency response. Regular training refreshers can also help reinforce these protocols.

PPE and safety gear

Tractor operators should wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, boots, helmets and protective eyewear when needed. Additional gear may be required for specific tasks such as respirators when handling chemicals.

Emergency preparedness

Operators and workers should be trained in emergency procedures, including how to respond to fires, chemical spills and other incidents involving tractors. Emergency kits and first aid supplies should be readily available.